Abstract
In the case of emergency situations, robotic systems can play a key role and save human lives in recovery and evacuation operations. To realize such a potential, we have to address many scientific and technical challenges encountered during robotic search and rescue missions. This paper reviews current state-of-the-art robotic technologies that have been deployed in the simulation of crowd evacuation, including both macroscopic and microscopic models used in simulating a crowd. Existing work on crowd simulation is analyzed and the robots used in crowd evacuation are introduced. Finally, the paper demonstrates how autonomous robots could be effectively deployed in disaster evacuation, as well as search and rescue missions.
Highlights
IntroductionSince the panic in crowded environments can cause loss of life [1], the study of effectively dealing with emergency events becomes necessary and a large number of experiments are required
Since the panic in crowded environments can cause loss of life [1], the study of effectively dealing with emergency events becomes necessary and a large number of experiments are required.As real-life experiments can be very costly and dangerous, simulated experiments become necessary.Crowd simulation was firstly introduced in [2] to investigate the behaviors and movements of a crowd in different situations
We have outlined a number of the crowd models that belong to microscopic models, namely queuing models, cellular automata models, social force models, agent-based models and the combined models
Summary
Since the panic in crowded environments can cause loss of life [1], the study of effectively dealing with emergency events becomes necessary and a large number of experiments are required. Macroscopic models describe general crowd movement, and do not provide details of the individuals. Microscopic models are focused on the details of individuals They have been used for many studies on crowd simulation in order to understand crowd behavior in emergency events. The force-based model describes the environment as a set of forces that will affect the individuals in their movements, and mathematical methods govern these types of simulations. Agent-based models were used to add more human-like details to crowd simulations, in which each agent in a crowd can be fully autonomous [6]. This model made it easier for individuals to communicate with others during the simulation.
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