Abstract
As the use of humanoid robots proliferates, an increasing amount of people may find themselves face-to-“face” with a robot in everyday life. Although there is a plethora of information available on facial social cues and how we interpret them in the field of human-human social interaction, we cannot assume that these findings flawlessly transfer to human-robot interaction. Therefore, more research on facial cues in human-robot interaction is required. This study investigated deception in human-robot interaction context, focusing on the effect that eye contact with a robot has on honesty toward this robot. In an iterative task, participants could assist a humanoid robot by providing it with correct information, or potentially secure a reward for themselves by providing it with incorrect information. Results show that participants are increasingly honest after the robot establishes eye contact with them, but only if this is in response to deceptive behavior. Behavior is not influenced by the establishment of eye contact if the participant is actively engaging in honest behavior. These findings support the notion that humanoid robots can be perceived as, and treated like, social agents, since the herein described effect mirrors one present in human-human social interaction.
Highlights
With the increased prevalence of robotic agents in various aspects of life, understanding the mechanisms of human-robot interaction (HRI) and how this differs from human-human interaction is becoming more and more important
In order to understand the kinds of robotic behavior that lead to effective communication, current HRI research has focused on many different aspects of robot behavior, ranging from movement kinematics (Takayama et al, 2011) to language (Sirkin et al, 2016) and more inherently social cues, like gaze and facial expression (Han et al, 2013; Johnson et al, 2013)
Despite humanoid robots seldom being capable of producing facial expressions that resemble those of humans in terms of nuance, they quite often evoke anthropomorphized judgements concerning their meaning as well as the robot’s perceived personality (Diana and Thomaz, 2011; Kalegina et al, 2018)
Summary
With the increased prevalence of robotic agents in various aspects of life, understanding the mechanisms of human-robot interaction (HRI) and how this differs from human-human interaction is becoming more and more important. Developing robots that are able to effectively communicate with users is beneficial to the robot’s task-efficiency (Imai et al, 2003), developing a highly social robot is a goal in itself. In order to understand the kinds of robotic behavior that lead to effective communication, current HRI research has focused on many different aspects of robot behavior, ranging from movement kinematics (Takayama et al, 2011) to language (Sirkin et al, 2016) and more inherently social cues, like gaze and facial expression (Han et al, 2013; Johnson et al, 2013). Social cognitive mechanisms depending on interpretation of others’ gaze direction such as gaze cueing are
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