Robot-assisted Level III-IV Inferior Vena Cava Thrombectomy: Initial Series with Step-by-step Procedures and 1-yr Outcomes

Abstract

BackgroundLevel III-IV robot-assisted inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombectomy (RA-IVCT) has been reported in limited series. ObjectiveTo report our initial series of level III-IV RA-IVCT with step-by-step procedures and 1-yr outcomes. Design, setting, and participantsFrom November 2014 to January 2018, 13 patients with level III-IV IVC tumor thrombi underwent RA-IVCT with a minimum of 1-yr follow-up. Surgical procedureLevel III RA-IVCT requires liver mobilization and clamping of first porta hepatis (FPH), and suprahepatic and infradiaphragmatic IVC. Level IV RA-IVCT requires establishment of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Thoracoscopy-assisted thrombectomy was performed for the intra-atrium part of the thrombus under CPB. Infradiaphragmatic RA-IVCT was completed in a manner similar to that of level III RA-IVCT. MeasurementsDetailed techniques were described for various scenarios. Baseline and perioperative outcomes were reported, and descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results and limitationsMedian operative time was 465 (interquartile range [IQR]: 338–567) min. Median estimated intraoperative blood loss was 2000 (IQR: 1000–3000) ml. The rates of intraoperative blood transfusion and postoperative transformation to the intensive care unit ward were 92.3% and 100%, respectively. Median FPH blocking time was 40 (IQR: 25–60) min and the CPB time was 72 (IQR: 51–87) min. Three cases had grade IV complications, including two vascular injuries that were treated with intraoperative endoscopic sutures and one perioperative death. The perioperative mortality rate was 7.7%. During an 18-mo follow-up, two patients died and one patient progressed. ConclusionsAlthough the risks involved are high, level III-IV RA-IVCT is feasible and serves as an alternative minimally invasive method for selected patients. It also requires more complex techniques and multidisciplinary cooperation. Patient summaryWe studied the treatment of patients with level III-IV inferior vena cava (IVC) tumor thrombi using a robotic approach. This technique was feasible for well-selected patients. However, level III-IV robot-assisted IVC thrombectomy requires more complex techniques and multidisciplinary cooperation.