Abstract
In this roadmap article, we have focused on the most recent advances in terahertz (THz) imaging with particular attention paid to the optimization and miniaturization of the THz imaging systems. Such systems entail enhanced functionality, reduced power consumption, and increased convenience, thus being geared toward the implementation of THz imaging systems in real operational conditions. The article will touch upon the advanced solid-state-based THz imaging systems, including room temperature THz sensors and arrays, as well as their on-chip integration with diffractive THz optical components. We will cover the current-state of compact room temperature THz emission sources, both optolectronic and electrically driven; particular emphasis is attributed to the beam-forming role in THz imaging, THz holography and spatial filtering, THz nano-imaging, and computational imaging. A number of advanced THz techniques, such as light-field THz imaging, homodyne spectroscopy, and phase sensitive spectrometry, THz modulated continuous wave imaging, room temperature THz frequency combs, and passive THz imaging, as well as the use of artificial intelligence in THz data processing and optics development, will be reviewed. This roadmap presents a structured snapshot of current advances in THz imaging as of 2021 and provides an opinion on contemporary scientific and technological challenges in this field, as well as extrapolations of possible further evolution in THz imaging.
Highlights
The first terahertz (THz, 1 THz is 1012 Hz) images recorded by T
Recent advances: During the last decade, technologies for fabrication of High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) or Heterojunction Field-effect transistors (FETs) (HFETs), have been developed to the level which allows for using them as the key element in Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC) which are currently breaching the 1 THz limit [74]
Up to now, the Terahertz Monolithic Integrated Circuits (TMICs) remain as the proprietary technology which is available for very limited range or users
Summary
The first terahertz (THz, 1 THz is 1012 Hz) images recorded by T. THz imaging remains a fruitful field for the birth of new ideas while bridging distinct developed technologies and transforming them into novel applications This stems from the specific occupancy of THz frequencies in the electromagnetic radiation spectrum; they extend from 1011 Hz to 1013 Hz frequencies (corresponding energies are 0.4–40 meV), falling between the millimeter waves and the infrared range. Special attention will be dedicated to cover achievements in room temperature frequency difference operational scheme-based quantum cascade lasers, fiber femtosecond lasers pumped THz imaging systems and evolution of compact electronic sources. Another focus area is dedicated to advanced room temperature solid-state THz sensors and their arrays, as well as their possible on-chip integration with diffractive THz optical components. The implementation of artificial intelligence in THz imaging will be outlined; systems integration and possible future directions in THz imaging field will be envisaged
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