Road-side dust from central Jakarta, Indonesia: Assessment of metal(loid) content, mineralogy, and bioaccessibility

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Road-side dust is one of the media for tracing atmospheric pollution, especially in the big cities including Jakarta. Therefore, this study aims to determine the metal(loid) concentrations and Pb isotopes ( 206 Pb, 207 Pb, and 208 Pb) of road-side dust to assess the metal contents and characterize contamination sources of the bay, industry, railway, traffic, and residential areas in the central Jakarta. The mineralogical composition and bioaccessibility of the 5 types of road-side dust and gasoline samples were investigated using XRD and SEM-EDX techniques as well as in vitro tests of simulated gastric (SGF) and lung fluids (SLF), respectively. The highest concentrations of Al (31.7 ± 4.42 g/kg), Fe (18.2 ± 1.38 g/kg), Cd (0.97 ± 0.10 mg/kg), Co (9.75 ± 1.46 mg/kg), Pb (64.1 ± 6.16 mg/kg), Sb (16.2 ± 1.38 mg/kg), V (67.7 ± 11.3 mg/kg), Mn (582 ± 89.8 mg/kg), Zn (457 ± 118 mg/kg), and Ti (2.10 ± 0.33 g/kg) in the traffic area were significantly more than those in the industry, railway, bay, and home residence. Furthermore, the range of Pb isotope ratios in the traffic area 206 Pb/ 207 Pb = 1.147–1.164 and 208 Pb/ 206 Pb = 2.114–2.095 also correlated with the industry, railway, bay, and home residence. These results show that the Pb contamination in the traffic road-side dust originates from industry and railway, which is being transported to the bay of Jakarta and home residence. The Pb isotope ratio compositions of gasoline, diesel, and kerosine also correlated with those in the traffic area, while its reference materials of incineration fly ash, solder, and battery were confirmed as a source of pollution. Based on the bioaccessibility using in vitro tests, the metal contaminants of the dust were maximally dissolved in the SGF ( ∼ 95.8%) and SLF ( ∼ 56.7%), indicating the potentially high risk of human exposure. • Metal(loid) concentrations and Pb isotopes in the road-side dust from Central Jakarta were studied. • The traffic area showed significantly higher metal(loid) contents compared to industry, railway, bay and home residence. • The Pb isotope ratios confirmed incineration fly ash, solder and battery as sources of Pb pollution in the road-side dust. • Simulated gastric and lung fluids were applied to investigate the bioaccessibility of the road-side dust. Up to 95.8% and 56.7% of total metal(loid) contents dissolved in gastric and lung fluids = potential high exposure risk.