Abstract

<div>As cities develop and urbanize, and space becomes increasingly valuable, additional pressures are placed on all systems including transportation. Road pricing has been used to generate revenue, mitigate congestion, and reduce pollution. However, implementing road pricing schemes has been difficult, given its contentious nature. This study begins by providing a brief literature review of road pricing and highlighting lessons from key road pricing schemes that have emerged throughout the last twenty years. While previous studies have been explored extensively for their successes and limitations, the Bay Bridge has been comparatively understudied. The Bay Bridge showcases atypical characteristics that have influenced construction and pricing structures throughout its history. Given multiple case studies, and a more in-depth knowledge of the Bay Bridge, the current study identifies lessons that can be applied for the Bay Bridge as it continues to evolve and for the broader future of road pricing internationally.</div><div><br></div><div>Key words: Road Pricing, Congestion Charging, Pollution Mitigation, Public Opinion, Variable Pricing</div>

Highlights

  • Road pricing has substantial potential to address a variety of common issues cities face.it is a contentious practice and its implementation often brings controversy

  • In one understudied case study, the original construction of the Bay Bridge in San Francisco relied on public opinion to incentivize politicians, which is atypical when compared to other schemes

  • Financial feasibility for the original construction relied heavily on the pricing model to create a structure for the bridge to be self-funding

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Summary

Introduction

Many cities have implemented and tested a variety of road pricing schemes and have had varying levels of success They provide examples of changing priorities to address revenue generation, congestion mitigation, and air pollution. Projects in the country’s three largest cities (Bergen, Oslo, and Trondheim) have similar implementation characteristics through the use and tolling of ring roads surrounding each city These schemes have been used with differing scales as financial instruments for road construction, funding generation for public transportation, and congestion mitigation. City Council approved a new scheme for permanent implementation, transitioning the main priority from pollution mitigation to congestion reduction (Croci, 2016) To address this change, the proposal included an expansion of the charge area (“Area C”), the same charging times, and a change for the fee structure with a flat €5 daily charge without the distinction of emission class included in Ecopass pricing (Croci, 2016).

The Bay Bridge Case Study
Public Input Prior to the opening of the Bay Bridge on
Policy Objectives
Post-Earthquake Seismic Retrofitting
Conclusions and Lessons Road pricing on the Bay
Lesson 1
Findings
Lesson 2
Full Text
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