Abstract
Bhutan was an inhabited wilderness until 1961, when road construction started after the closure of the Tibetan border. Since then, the road network has expanded from the Indian boarder, often tracing traditional trails. This has accelerated commerce as well as movement of people from India, benefitting both the Bhutanese and foreign tourists. At the same time, dependence on imported automobiles and fossil fuel has risen, and roadless areas have begun to shrink. This brought an inevitable loss of traditional environmental knowledge, such as the care of mules for packing, and reduction in physical and mental health among the Bhutanese. People who lost jobs as horsemen moved into towns to find jobs. Road extension is also a double-edged sword for visitors. It has resulted in shrinking trekking areas and loss of traditional culture, both of which have been sacrificed for easy access. Protected areas often function as fortifications against mechanical civilization. However, protected-area status or its zoning does not guarantee that an area will remain roadless where there is considerable resident population. An analysis in Jigme Dorji National Park showed the gradual retreat of trailheads and increasing dependence on automobiles among residents and trekkers. B. MacKaye, a regional planner in the Eastern United States, proposed using trails as a tool to control such mechanical civilization. His philosophy of regional planning suggests two measures; one is consolidated trailheads as dams, and the other is confinement of roads by levees, consisting of new trails and wilderness belts. According to case studies, the author proposed six options for coexistence of trails with roads.
Highlights
Visitors to Bhutan often say that the whole country looks like a national park
Unlike many national parks in developed countries, Gasa residents live in a roadless area
After the coronation of the fourth king, Jigme Singe Wangchuck, in 1972, Bhutan officially opened its doors to non-Indian foreign tourists
Summary
Visitors to Bhutan often say that the whole country looks like a national park. Protected areas in Bhutan (Figure 1), which occupy 51% of the total land area [1], do not charge entrance fees, partly because there are communities in the parks. Unlike many national parks in developed countries, Gasa residents live in a roadless area. The current condition of the trails and trailheads was examined through field surveys conducted during the monsoon seasons of 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Based on these two approaches, sustainable trail use and management are discussed
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