Abstract
The new emergence of swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) has resulted in high mortality in suckling pigs in China. To date, the transcriptional expression of host cells during SADS-CoV infection has not been documented. In this study, by means of RNA-Seq technology, we investigated the whole genomic expression profiles of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) infected with a SADS-CoV strain SADS-CoV-CH-FJWT-2018. A total of 24,676 genes were identified: 23,677 were known genes, and 999 were novel genes. A total of 1,897 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between SADS-CoV-infected and uninfected cells at 6, 24, and 48 h post infection (hpi). Of these, 1,260 genes were upregulated and 637 downregulated. A Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs in samples from 6, 24, and 48 hpi were enriched in 79, 383, and 233 GO terms, respectively, which were mainly involved in immune system process, response to stimulus, signal transduction, and cytokine–cytokine receptor interactions. The 1,897 DEGs were mapped to 109 KEGG Ontology (KO) pathways classified into four main categories. Most of the DEGs annotated in the KEGG pathways were related to the immune system, infectious viral disease, and signal transduction. The mRNA of porcine serum amyloid A-3 protein (SAA3), an acute phase response protein, was significantly upregulated during the infection. Over-expressed SAA3 in IPEC-J2 cells drastically inhibited the replication of SADS-CoV, while under-expressed SAA3 promoted virus replication. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the profiles of gene expression of IPEC-J2 cells infected by SADS-CoV by means of RNA-Seq technology. Our results indicate that SADS-CoV infection significantly modified the host cell gene expression patterns, and the host cells responded in highly specific manners, including immune response, signal and cytokine transduction, and antiviral response. The findings provide important insights into the transcriptome of IPEC-J2 in SADS-CoV infection.
Highlights
Coronavirus (CoV) is an enveloped single-stranded positivesense RNA virus in the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae, which includes four genera, Alphacoronavirus (α-CoV), Betacoronavirus (β-CoV), Gammacoronavirus (γ -CoV), and Deltacoronavirus (δ-CoV)
In Vero-81 cells, the CPE induced by SADS-CoV was characterized by cell fusion, while in IPEC-J2 cells, the CPE displayed as enlarged, rounded, and condensed granular particles (Figure 1A)
The results demonstrated that IPEC-J2 cells are susceptible and permissive to SADS-CoV-CH-FJWT-2018, and the cell line is a good candidate for SADS-CoV research
Summary
Coronavirus (CoV) is an enveloped single-stranded positivesense RNA virus in the family Coronaviridae, subfamily Coronavirinae, which includes four genera, Alphacoronavirus (α-CoV), Betacoronavirus (β-CoV), Gammacoronavirus (γ -CoV), and Deltacoronavirus (δ-CoV). Six pathogenic CoVs have been identified in pigs, including four α-CoVs [porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), and the newly emerged Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV)], one β-CoV [porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)], and one δ-CoV [porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV)] [2,3,4]. SADS-CoV is a highly pathogenic enteric CoV that was firstly discovered in a fatal diarrhea outbreak in Guangdong province, China, in January 2017, leading to the death of 24,693 newborn piglets [3, 5, 6]. Clinical lesions indicated that SADS-CoV mainly infected the small intestine of piglets, especially the jejunum and ileum, and could cause severe atrophic enteritis of 1-week-old piglets, resulting in a high morbidity, and mortality [8, 9]. There are no commercial vaccines and antiviral agents for SADS-CoV, and the pathogenesis is roughly unknown as well
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