Abstract
The discovery of messenger RNA (mRNA) more than 30 years ago led to the proposition of the central dogma of molecular biology: that DNA functions as a template for RNA and subsequently RNA determines the sequence of amino acids within protein. However, the nucleotide sequence of every mRNA molecule is not a simple copy of the sequence of its DNA template. Intervening sequences that interrupt genes are removed at the RNA level by RNA splicing, and individual nucleotides within some mRNA are posttranscriptionally inserted, deleted, or altered in the sequence by RNA editing. By the process of editing, genetic information that is not found in the genomic template can be created in the mRNA after transcription (for review, see [1–7]). Thus, certain transcripts in plant mitochondria and in chloroplasts [8], which cannot be translated because of the lack of AUG initiation codons in the coding sequence, are rendered translatable by converting the cytidine (C) residues into uridine (U), probably by modification of specific bases.
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