RITA induces apoptosis in p53-null K562 leukemia cells by inhibiting STAT5, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways.

Abstract

Targeting oncogenic signaling pathways by small molecules has emerged as a potential treatment strategy for cancer. reactivation of p53 and induction of tumor cell apoptosis (RITA) is a promising anticancer small molecule that reactivates p53 and induces exclusive apoptosis in tumor cells. Less well appreciated was the possible effect of small molecule RITA on p53-null leukemia cells. In this study, we demonstrated that RITA has potent antileukemic properties against p53-null chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)-derived K562 cells. RITA triggered apoptosis through caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage. RITA decreased STAT5 tyrosine phosphorylation, although it did not inhibit phosphorylation of the direct BCR-ABL substrate CrkL. Real-time PCR analysis showed that RITA downregulates antiapoptotic STAT5 target genes Bcl-xL and MCL-1. The downregulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), as evidenced by inhibition of IκB-α phosphorylation and its degradation, was associated with inhibition of Akt phosphorylation in RITA-treated cells. Furthermore, consistent with the decrease of mRNA levels, protein levels of the nuclear factor-κB-regulated antiapoptotic (cIAP1, XIAP, and Bcl-2) and proliferative (c-Myc) genes were downregulated by RITA in K562 cells. In conclusion, the ability of RITA to inhibit prosurvival signaling pathways in CML cells suggests a potential application of RITA in CML therapeutic protocols.