Risks for human health related to invasive alien reptiles and amphibians.

Abstract

Abstract More than 100 amphibian and reptile species have established populations outside their natural geographical range, mostly as a consequence of the international pet trade. About 40 zoonoses are associated with reptiles and amphibians. The main zoonotic risks from alien invasive reptiles and amphibians are salmonellosis and probably also vibriosis from a bacteriological point of view, pentastomids, sparganosis and potentially trichinellosis from a parasitical point of view, and West Nile virus. There are also new and emerging pathogens, e.g. atypical Brucella spp., with zoonotic potential. Transmission of pathogens from introduced reptile and amphibian species to humans is limited by the important physiological differences between them and humans, the secretive or shy habits of most introduced species and the rarity of direct contact (with the notable exception of a few exotic species eaten by humans). Locally, alien reptiles include venomous species and large species able to inflict bites of medical concern. In certain areas some species (mainly anuran amphibians) are generating noise pollution affecting human well-being. Given the continued increase of invasive alien population establishments with time, the spread of alien arthropod vectors and aggravating factors such as climate change, it is expected that alien reptiles and amphibians and their associated pathogens will generate more public health concern in the future.