Abstract
Carbon capture and storage is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emissions from heavy industries and gas processing. The safe transport of carbon dioxide via pipelines is an important aspect for developing large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage projects. Dispersion modeling for heavy gas such as carbon dioxide is considerably different from natural gas. The set up for modeling simulations is more challenging than conventional natural gas pipeline for several reasons, such as the differences in thermodynamics that must be considered. Moreover, when the carbon dioxide is transported in dense or liquid phase, the rapid phase changing, and possible consequent formation of solids should be considered. Finally, the equation of state required for accurate prediction of parameters is generally different than the ones applicable for natural gas. The main scope of this comprehensive review is to identify the most important parameters, critical events, suitable models, and identification of dispersion modeling issues. An extensive literature review of experiments conducted in the last ten years has been developed, experimental data, integral and simplified model, as well as CFD modeling issues has been identified and reported in the work proposed to highlight the advances and the gaps that could need further research activities.
Highlights
Climate change is presently a recognized and well-established problem that must be managed globally
Based on the literature analyzed, the commercial software available that include the possibility to account for solid CO2 formation and several source terms are PHAST and FRED
The results presented a good agreement in concentration prediction and temperature over distances, for both PHAST and FRED, compared with experimental tests
Summary
Climate change is presently a recognized and well-established problem that must be managed globally. According to the International Energy Agency, many strategies have been included to reach net-zero in 2050; according to the International Energy Agency, carbon capture use and storage (CCUS). Due to its wide range of applications, carbon capture and storage is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emission from heavy industries and gas processing. CCUS is deemed a solution for the most challenging emissions, which accounts for 20% of the planet’s global emission of CO2 of the earth. The steel industry, cement, aluminum, and chemical plants are included in these so-called “hard to abate” emissions [2,3]. Since CCUS can be retrofitted to existing technologies, it can present a solution to coal power plants recently constructed to abate the capital expenditure by limiting the emission in the atmosphere
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