Risks and consequences of urinary infections during pregnancy: A longitudinal study

Abstract

The general objective of this article is to evaluate the impacts of urinary tract infections (UTIs) on maternal and fetal health during pregnancy. Specific objectives include determining the main risk factors associated with the development of urinary tract infections during pregnancy, analyzing the most common symptoms presented by pregnant women with urinary tract infections, comparing the effectiveness of different diagnostic methods used to identify urinary tract infections in pregnant women, evaluating the most common treatments for urinary tract infections during pregnancy and their effectiveness, to examine the fetal consequences of urinary tract infections during pregnancy, and to propose clinical management protocols for the prevention and treatment of urinary tract infections in pregnant women. The methodology used was a descriptive and qualitative literature review, analyzing studies published between 2004 and 2024, in Portuguese and English. The databases consulted were PubMed, Scielo and Google Scholar. The analysis focused on the prevalence of urinary tract infections during pregnancy, diagnostic methods, treatments, and consequences for maternal and fetal health. The results indicate that urinary tract infections are common during pregnancy, with asymptomatic bacteriuria progressing to pyelonephritis if not treated properly. Diagnostic methods include urinalysis and urine culture, the latter being the gold standard. The most common treatments involve antibiotics such as nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, and amoxicillin, which are considered safe to use during pregnancy. Complications associated with urinary tract infections include preeclampsia, preterm birth, and low birth weight. The conclusion highlights the importance of early diagnosis and proper management of urinary tract infections to minimize risks and ensure the health of the maternal-fetal binomial. Screening and treatment protocols, education on preventive measures, and a multidisciplinary approach are essential to improving maternal and newborn health outcomes. Continuing research in this area is crucial to improve treatment strategies and ensure the safety and efficacy of procedures.