Abstract
The relationship between risk-taking behavior, alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences is well known. The current analyses were conducted to investigate whether alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) is related to risk-taking behavior and if there is a relationship between the amount of energy drink mixed with alcohol consumed, risk-taking behavior and negative alcohol-related consequences. Data from N = 1276 AMED consuming students from the Netherlands, UK and Australia who completed the same survey were evaluated. The analysis revealed that, compared to AMED occasions, on alcohol only (AO) occasions significantly more alcohol was consumed and significantly more negative alcohol-related consequences were reported. On both AO and AMED occasions, there was a strong and positive relationship between amount of alcohol consumed, level of risk-taking behavior and number of reported negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, the level of risk-taking behavior was not clearly related to energy drink consumption. Across risk-taking levels, differences in the amount of energy drink consumed on AMED occasions did not exceed one 250 mL serving of energy drink. When correcting for the amount of alcohol consumed, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of energy drinks consumed on AMED occasions between the risk-taking groups. In conclusion, alcohol consumption is clearly related to risk-taking behavior and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, energy drink intake was not related to level of risk-taking behavior and only weakly related to the number of experienced negative alcohol-related consequences.
Highlights
Excessive alcohol consumption is a persistent, worldwide public health issue
For the current evaluation we investigated the relationship between alcohol and energy drink consumption, risk-taking behavior and negative alcohol-related consequences
The analysis revealed that participants who reported more negative alcohol-related consequences consumed more energy drinks on alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) occasions
Summary
Excessive alcohol consumption is a persistent, worldwide public health issue. Among15–49-year olds, alcohol is the leading risk factor for premature mortality and disability, accounting for 10% of all deaths in this age group [1]. Acute alcohol consumption is partly responsible for this global harm via unintentional injuries, violence and suicide [2]. Consuming too much alcohol in a short space of time has been shown to impact brain functioning, including impaired activity in the pre-frontal cortex that is responsible for executive functions [3]. Acute alcohol consumption has been shown to affect central. The overall effects include greater disinhibitory effects resulting in an increased propensity for risktaking behaviors and alcohol-related harm. Scientific research has consistently shown that higher levels of alcohol consumption are associated with increased risk-taking behavior and more frequently experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences [6,7,8,9,10]
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