Risk of suicide in depression and its implication for psychopharmacological treatment

Abstract

Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among adults in the general population. There is a well-established relationship between suicide and mood disorders and it has been estimated that 50-80% of completed suicides are associated with mood disorders. About 15% of depressed patients commit suicide, with tablet poisoning (mostly antidepressants) often chosen as the suicide method. Naturally, this presents the doctor with a dilemma since certain antidepressants are suitable both for the treatment of depression and for a suicide attempt. Two questions seem to be of particular practical relevance in this respect, which will be reviewed and discussed in more detail in this paper: (1) can antidepressants induce a suicidal tendency? and (2) can the degree of toxicity of antidepressants be estimated in cases of overdosage? There is no evidence that newer antidepressants, like the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), induce a suicidal tendency as has been suggested by a spectacularly written case report. In fact, it seems likely that antidepressants with a predominantly serotonergic mechanism of action may be of particular benefit in patients with suicidal problems, which is in line with neurobiological theories about suicidal behaviour. This and the decreased toxicity of SSRIs makes them an attractive choice for treatment of depressed patients who are at risk for suicide.