Risk of Infection with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Abstract

BackgroundThe relative risk (RR) of infection for patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) is unknown.ObjectivesThis study evaluated the risk of infection for patients with solid tumors undergoing ICI therapy based on a systematic review and meta-analysis.Patients and MethodsThe Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Pubmed databases were searched up to 1 December 2020. Randomized trials comparing any ICI alone, with chemotherapy (CT), or with other agents versus placebo, CT, or other agents were included. Three independent reviewers extracted the data. The primary outcome was the RR of all-grade (G) and G3–5 infections for patients receiving ICI-based treatments. Random or fixed-effect models were used according to statistical heterogeneity.ResultsA total of 21,451 patients from N = 36 studies were eligible. ICIs were associated with a similar risk of all-grade infections (RR = 1.02; 95% CI 0.84–1.24; P = 0.85) versus non-ICI treatments (G1–5 events: 9.6 versus 8.3%). When the ICIs alone were compared to CT, their use was associated with 42% less risk of all-grade infections (RR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.4–0.85; P = 0.01). Compared to CT, the combination of ICIs and CT increased the risk of all-grade (RR = 1.37, 95% CI 1.23–1.53; P < 0.01) and severe infections (RR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.17–1.96; P < 0.01). In anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-CTLA-4, monotherapy, and combination trials, the RR of all-grade infections was 0.72 (95% CI 0.49–1.05; P = 0.09), 1.18 (95% CI 0.95–1.46; P = 0.13), 1.74 (95% CI 1.13–2.67; P = 0.01), 0.97 (95% CI 0.79–1.19; P = 0.75) and 2.26 (95% CI 1.34–3.8; P < 0.01), respectively.ConclusionsCompared to CT alone, ICIs were safer and are recommended for frail patients. Conversely, CT + ICIs or ICIs combinations increased infection risk. Further studies are required to identify high-risk patients and evaluate the need for CT dose reduction or prophylactic myeloid growth factors.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11523-021-00824-3.