Abstract
Background: Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between dementia and leptospirosis. In view of this, we conducted a retrospective cohort study to determine whether leptospirosis is a risk factor for dementia. Methods: Data were collected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Databases (2000–2010) to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for dementia in patients with leptospirosis. Patients with leptospirosis who did not have a history of dementia were enrolled in the study. For each leptospirosis patient, four controls were randomly selected after frequency matching of age, sex, and index date. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used for the analyses of dementia risk. Results: A greater risk of dementia was observed in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort both in patients without any comorbidity (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06–1.43) and with a comorbidity (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.7–2.5). Compared with the non-leptospirosis cohort without these comorbidities, the leptospirosis cohort with ≥2 comorbidities exhibited a significantly increased risk of dementia (aHR = 6.11, 95% CI = 3.15–11.9), followed by those with any one comorbidity (adjusted HR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.76–7.46). Conclusions: Patients with leptospirosis were at a 1.89-fold greater risk of subsequent dementia, but potential genetic susceptibility bias in the study group is a major confound.
Highlights
Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia
During the 13,989 and 64,400 person-years of follow-up, the overall incidence density of dementia was significantly higher in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort (1.93 vs. 1.01 per 1000 person-years) with a crude Hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.91
The sex-specific relative risk of dementia was higher in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort in both females (adjusted HR = 2.69, 95% CI = 2.29–3.15) and males
Summary
Studies have linked some bacterial infections with an increased likelihood for development of dementia. Results: A greater risk of dementia was observed in the leptospirosis cohort than in the non-leptospirosis cohort both in patients without any comorbidity (adjusted HR (aHR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.06–1.43) and with a comorbidity (aHR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.7–2.5). Conclusions: Patients with leptospirosis were at a 1.89-fold greater risk of subsequent dementia, but potential genetic susceptibility bias in the study group is a major confound. Leptospires are Gram-negative spirochetes that comprise 24 serogroups and more than 250 serovars They are usually encountered in the tropics and developing countries [2], leptospirosis occurs worldwide through occupational hazards, recreational hazards, and waste hazards [3]. Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia, affecting 10%–50% of all dementia cases [6], with a prevalence of nearly 14.5% among US adults aged
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