Risk of bacterial pneumonia and pneumococcal infection in youths with celiac disease — A population-based study

Abstract

ObjectiveAssess the risk of hospitalizations for bacterial pneumonia or pneumococcal infections, in a cohort of young individuals with celiac disease (CD) compared to matched references. Study designThe cohort consists of 213,635 individuals, born in 1989–2012 and resident in Friuli-Venezia Giulia (Italy). Through pathology reports, hospital discharge records or co-payment exemptions, we identified 1294 CD patients and 6470 reference individuals matched by gender and birth year. We considered hospital admissions for first episodes of bacterial pneumonia and pneumococcal infections. Hazard ratios (HRs) for episodes after CD diagnosis were calculated with Cox regression and odds ratios (OR) for the ones before CD diagnosis with conditional logistic regression. Further analyses were performed on unvaccinated follow-up periods. Results14 CD patients (in 9450 person-years) and 42 references (in 48,335 person-years) experienced a first episode of bacterial pneumonia, with an increased risk among CD patients (HR 1.82; 95%CI 0.98–3.35). Risks of bacterial pneumonia were significantly increased before CD diagnosis and especially the year before CD diagnosis (OR 6.00, 95%CI 1.83–19.66). Risks of pneumococcal infections showed a non-significant increase in CD patients. ConclusionsCD children and youth showed an increased risk of bacterial pneumonia, especially in proximity to CD diagnosis. Anti-pneumococcal vaccination should be recommended to all young CD patients.