Abstract
Biological sex and changes in sex hormones throughout life influence all aspects of health and disease. In women, changes in sex hormonal status reflect ovarian function, pregnancy and the use of exogenous hormonal treatments. Longitudinal data from defined cohorts of women will help to identify mechanisms by which the hormonal milieu contributes to cerebrovascular ageing, brain structure and ultimately cognition. This review summarises the phenotypes of three cohorts of women identified through the medical records‐linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project and the Mayo Clinic Specialized Center of Research Excellence (SCORE) on Sex Differences: (i) menopausal women with histories of normotensive or hypertensive pregnancies; (ii) women who had bilateral oophorectomy ≤45 years of age; and (iii) women who experienced natural menopause and used menopausal hormone treatments for 4 years. Data from these cohorts will influence the design of follow‐up studies concerning how sex hormonal status affects neurovascular ageing in women.
Highlights
Biological sex and changes in sex hormones across the lifespan affect all aspects of health and disease
This review summarises the phenotypes of three cohorts of women identified through the medical records‐linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project and the Mayo Clinic Specialized Center of Research Excellence (SCORE) on Sex Differences: (i) menopausal women with histories of normotensive or hypertensive pregnancies; (ii) women who had bilateral oophorectomy ≤45 years of age; and (iii) women who experienced natural menopause and used menopausal hormone treatments for 4 years
This review summarises the phenotypes of three cohorts of women identified through the medical records‐ linkage system of the Rochester Epidemiology Project (REP) and the Mayo Clinic Specialized Center of Research Excellence (SCORE) on Sex Differences: (i) menopausal women with histories of normotensive or hypertensive pregnancies; (ii) women who had bilateral oophorectomy ≤45 years of age; and (iii) women who experienced natural menopause and used menopausal hormone treatments for 4 years.[6-9]
Summary
Biological sex and changes in sex hormones across the lifespan affect all aspects of health and disease. These data confirm the results of other studies[26] showing that women who have had a history of a pre‐eclamptic pregnancy are at risk for accelerated cardiovascular disease, brain atrophy and cognitive impairments, and that these effects can occur in mid‐life This cohort provides a unique opportunity for additional follow‐up of neurovascular ageing in women with defined pregnancy histories. Several large scale observational and randomised trials have examined the impact of menopausal hormone changes and treatments on measures of cognition, the studies were limited by the inclusion of women with a broad range of ages and women with pre‐existing cardiovascular disease, as well as women who had undergone natural menopause and those who had either unilateral or bilateral oophorectomy.[42-48].
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