Abstract
This study aimed to review evidence on future long-term care associated with pre-existing factors among community-dwelling Japanese older adults. We systematically searched cohort and nested case–control studies published between 2000 and 2019 that assessed long-term care certification using the PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases. The relationship between long-term care insurance information and risk factors was investigated. The protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework. We extracted 91 studies for synthesis, including 84 prospective cohort studies, 1 retrospective cohort study, and 6 nested case–control studies. Certification for long-term care was classified into two endpoints: onset of functional disability and dementia. There were 72 studies that used long-term care certification as a proxy for functional disability, and 22 used long-term care information to indicate the onset of dementia. Common risk factors related to functional disability were physical function, frailty, and oral condition. Motor function and nutritional status were common risk factors for dementia. We found consistent associations between premorbid risk factors and functional disability and dementia. The accumulation of evidence on the incidence of long-term care and associated factors can aid the development of preventive measures. Future studies should aim to integrate this evidence.
Highlights
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutralAs the number of older adults increases worldwide, the number of functional disabilities experienced owing to comorbidities may increase, along with dementia
We investigated the levels of support and care provided by the long-term care (LTC) insurance system, the criteria for determining the onset of dementia, and the combined endpoint of LTC and death
Levels of certification for LTC were highly prevalent: 64 studies focused on LTC Support Level ≥ 1, on LTC Care Need Level ≥ 2, and 3 on Care Need Level ≥ 3
Summary
As the number of older adults increases worldwide, the number of functional disabilities experienced owing to comorbidities may increase, along with dementia. The. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development member countries reported that million people were affected by dementia in 2000, of which 7% were aged 65 or older [1]. The number of individuals with disabilities in the United States is estimated to reach approximately 21 million by 2040 [2]. In Japan, the rising number of older adults is projected to increase rates of functional disability [3,4] and dementia [5], raising serious concerns regarding the increasing care burden. The government of Japan implemented the long-term care (LTC)
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