Abstract
Objectives:To determine risk factors of cervical cancer and role of healthcare providers regarding awareness and counseling of PAP-smear.Methods:It was case-control study conducted from Jan-2021 till may-2021 at two tertiary care hospitals of Karachi South. The intended sample size was 255 subjects as 105 cases and 150 controls. The inclusion criteria were diagnosed cases of CA Cervix and under the age of 50 years. Controls were recruited from the general population. All the data were entered into SPSS version 23. The odds ratio was calculated to compare the risks of occurring CA cervix among cases and controls. The relationship of risk factors was assessed by binary logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results:Generally, highly significant p-value (<0.000) was observed; depicted a positive association for a level of education, age at first intercourse, and number of parity in cases of CA cervix and controls (OR=4.3). The correct predicted rate was 68.8% for having CA cervix among controls due to family history, the knowledge of PAP smear screening, ever counseled for a PAP smear, ever tested for a PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost.Conclusion:Educational level, age at first intercourse, number of parity was the risk factors of CA cervix. Family history of CA Cervix, knowledge of cervical cancer screening, ever counseled for PAP smear, ever tested for PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost were significantly predicted for CA cervix among controls.
Highlights
Cervical cancer is amongst the top ten common cancers worldwide and reported as third commonly occurring 5.98% malignancy among female in Pakistan.[1]
Risk factors of cervical cancer and role of primary healthcare providers regarding PAP smear counseling was assessed by using the structured questionnaire in both groups
The Wald test depicted that family history of CA Cervix, importance of PAP smear, ever counseled for PAP smear, ever tested for PAP smear, never been tested for PAP smear due to cost were significantly predicted for CA cervix among controls
Summary
Cervical cancer is amongst the top ten common cancers worldwide and reported as third commonly occurring 5.98% malignancy among female in Pakistan.[1]. Nearly 528,000 women per year are diagnosed with this aggressive carcinoma of cervix in 2012 and 99.7% cancers were caused by high risk human PAPilloma virus.[2]. Cervical cancer is a developing and killing cancer among all ages of Pakistani women.[4]. Despite preventable nature of cervical cancer; ignorance towards screening, discomfort, shame, Pak J Med Sci March - April 2022 (Part-II) Vol 38 No 4 www.pjms.org.pk 998 fear, embarrassment, fallacies regarding screening, vaccination and screening cost placed a huge burden on healthcare system of low and middle income countries such as Pakistan.[5]. ; mortality rate is high in cervical carcinoma as more than 70% females reported to physicians in advance stage of disease.[4]
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