Risk Factors in Pregnant Women as Predictors of Postpartumhaemorrhage: A Systematic Review Aligned with SDG Goals

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the risk factors affecting mothers that serve as predictors of postpartum haemorrhage, with the aim of identifying key predictors to improve clinical outcomes and reduce maternal mortality, aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Theoretical Framework: In this topic, the main concepts and theories that underpin the research are presented. The framework includes understanding the pathophysiology of postpartum haemorrhage, maternal health indicators, and predictive analytics models. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for reducing Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) provide a solid basis for understanding the context of the investigation. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprises a systematic review of the literature. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Neliti, and Research Gate using the keywords "risk factor as predictor for postpartum haemorrhage." The search yielded 3587 articles, which were screened based on inclusion criteria: published between 2014 and 2024, original articles, full-text accessible, in English or Indonesian, and relevant to risk factors predicting postpartum haemorrhage. This process narrowed the selection to 805 articles. Further screening based on exclusion criteria, such as discrepancies in research titles, article inaccessibility, and duplication, resulted in six articles. These align with the PICOS framework: Population (women giving birth with or without comorbidities), Intervention (risk factors for postpartum haemorrhage), Outcome (predictors of postpartum haemorrhage), and Study (observational studies like cohorts, case controls, and cross-sectional studies). Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed 33 risk factors that could be used as predictors of postpartum haemorrhage. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Possible discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered in this section, including variations in study design and population characteristics. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are discussed, providing insights into how the results can be applied or influence practices in the field of maternal health. These implications could encompass clinical practice guidelines, development of predictive tools, and policy-making aimed at reducing MMR in line with SDGs Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the originality of the research through the identification of multiple risk factors as clinical predictors of postpartum haemorrhage. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by the potential to develop scoring systems, nomograms, and XGBoost classification models, which may significantly impact maternal healthcare practices and outcomes.