Abstract
BackgroundTrachoma, a chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. Trachoma has been targeted for elimination as a public health problem which includes reducing trachomatous inflammation—follicular prevalence in children and reducing trachomatous trichiasis prevalence in adults. The rate of development of trachomatous trichiasis, the potentially blinding late-stage trachoma sequelae, depends on the rate of trachomatous scarring development and progression. Few studies to date have evaluated the progression of trachomatous scarring in communities that have recently transitioned to a low trachomatous inflammation—follicular prevalence.Methodology/Principal findingsWomen aged 15 and older were randomly selected from households in 48 communities within Kongwa district, Tanzania and followed over 3.5 years for this longitudinal study. Trachomatous inflammation—follicular prevalence was 5% at baseline and at follow-up in children aged 1–9 in Kongwa, Tanzania. 1018 women aged 15 and older had trachomatous scarring at baseline and were at risk for trachomatous scarring progression; 691 (68%) completed follow-up assessments. Photographs of the upper tarsal conjunctiva were obtained at baseline and follow-up and graded for trachomatous scarring using a previously published four-step severity scale. The overall cumulative 3.5-year progression rate of scarring was 35.3% (95% CI 31.6–39.1). The odds of TS progression increased with an increase in age in women younger than 50, (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.05, p = 0.005) as well as an increase in the household poverty index (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13–1.48, p = 0.0002).Conclusions/SignificanceThe 3.5-year progression of scarring among women in Kongwa, a formerly hyperendemic now turned hypoendemic district in central Tanzania, was high despite a low active trachoma prevalence. This suggests that the drivers of scarring progression are likely not related to on-going trachoma transmission in this district.
Highlights
Trachoma, a chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide [1]. 142 million people are at risk of blindness, and 1.9 million adults are visually impaired or irreversibly blind, from trachoma [1]
A chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide
A chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, presents with follicles in children which leads to trachomatous conjunctival scarring (TS) in young adults
Summary
A chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide [1]. 142 million people are at risk of blindness, and 1.9 million adults are visually impaired or irreversibly blind, from trachoma [1]. A chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis), is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide [1]. TT places individuals at high risk of irreversible vision loss from corneal opacification (CO) [1,3,4]. Both TT and CO, the late stages of trachoma, are more prevalent in women. A chronic conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide. The rate of development of trachomatous trichiasis, the potentially blinding late-stage trachoma sequelae, depends on the rate of trachomatous scarring development and progression. Few studies to date have evaluated the progression of trachomatous scarring in communities that have recently transitioned to a low trachomatous inflammation—follicular prevalence
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