Risk factors for severe malaria among hospitalized patients in the United States, 2000-2014.

Abstract

Factors associated with the development of severe malaria have not been well described for cases occurring in the United States (US). Severe malaria hospitalizations data from the 2000-2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample were analyzed. Frequencies were reported by demographic, clinical, species, financial, geographic, and institutional characteristics, and trends and disparities were identified. Logistic regression models were used to identify potential predictors for severe disease among those with malaria. From 2000 to 2014, there were an estimated 4823 severe malaria cases, representing 21.9% of all malaria-related hospitalizations, including 182 severe malaria deaths. Severe malaria was most common among inpatients who were male, Black, aged 45-64 years, and hospitalized in the South Atlantic division of the US. Older age was associated with higher odds of severe malaria, cerebral malaria, ARDS, severe anemia, and renal failure. Males had higher odds of developing renal failure and jaundice, while females had higher odds of developing severe anemia. HIV infection was associated with increased odds of severe malaria, severe anemia, and renal failure. Primary and secondary prevention measures, such as pre-travel consultations, chemoprophylaxis, and early diagnosis and treatment, should be emphasized and improved among high-risk prospective travelers to malaria endemic countries.