Risk Factors for Migraine Attacks in Patients Undergoing Treatment for Hepatitis C

Abstract

Dear Editor, Migraine, defined as a recurrent unilateral pulsatile headache, which is usually accompanied by nausea, vomiting, phonophobia, and photophobia, is a major cause of chronic headaches. It has been ranked the eight most disabling disorder, and its prevalence is higher in females (17% vs. 6%) (1). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection infects more than 170-million individuals worldwide and is as an important healthcare problem. According to published studies, the prevalence of HCV is less than 1% in the general population. A combination of ribavirin, an antiviral nucleoside analogue, and interferon is the most common treatment for chronic hepatitis C (2-5). This method of treatment is also used in occult hepatitis C infections, which is a chronic form (6). HCV treatment was reported to be associated with severe migraine attacks, with the source of the attacks attributed to ribavirin-related hemolytic anemia. Hemolytic anemia is a common and reversible side effect of ribavirin therapy, caused by the hemoglobin (Hb) level decreasing by at least 30 g/L in more than 50% of patients treated with this drug. About 7–10% of ribavirin-treated patients develop severe anemia, with a Hb level of 2 mg/dL or more in the Hb level 2 weeks after the start of treatment require special care (8). The ribavirin dose has to be reduced significantly more often in females than in males. Normally, females have lower baseline Hb levels. This may explain why females have a higher risk of hemolytic anemia then males. Older patients (≥ 55 years) are much more likely than younger patients (≤ 55 years) to require a dose reduction of ribavirin. The underlying reason for the increased prevalence of dose reductions among elderly people is unknown, but it may be associated with the presence of erythrocyte membrane anomalies and renal dysfunction among the elderly. A low baseline platelet count was reported to be another risk factor for the development of more severe ribavirin-induced anemia (2). A significant relationship was reported between the ribavirin dose per kilogram and the incidence of anemia. Anemia was observed to be more common in patients receiving > 12 mg/kg than in those receiving 2 g/dL within 2 weeks after starting the treatment, female sex, older age (≥ 55 years), receiving ribavirin of > 12 mg/kg, and a low baseline platelet count. Patients with these risk factors must receive more care for better management and prevention of developing migraine attacks during the treatment.