Risk Factors for Medial and Intimal Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery Calcification in Men and Women with Cardiovascular Disease: The UCC-SMART Study

Abstract

Introduction: Calcifications of the intracranial internal carotid artery (iICA) can lead to an increased risk for stroke. Two types of iICA calcification are known: those affecting the tunica intima or the tunica media. In extracranial arteries, risk factors and calcification patterns are different in women and men, but little is known regarding the iICA. In this study, we aimed to identify sex-specific risk profiles and medications associated to intimal and medial iICA calcification in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Methods: Participants of the UCC-SMART cohort undergoing a non-contrast head CT within 6 months from the study inclusion were considered (n = 475). Intimal or medial iICA calcification pattern was assessed using a previously histology-validated method. Sex-stratified associations between calcification pattern and cardiovascular risk factors, laboratory parameters, and medication use were calculated using Poisson regression analysis with robust standard errors. Results: Two hundred and four women and 271 men (age range 24–79 years) were included. 45.4% of men and 34.8% of women showed intimal iICA calcification, while 28.4% of men and 24.0% of women showed medial iICA calcification. Minimal or no iICA calcification was observed in 26.2% of men and in 41.2% of women (reference group). Older age was associated with both calcification patterns in women and men. In women, use of vitamin K antagonists and lipid-lowering drugs was associated to medial calcification, while systolic blood pressure and glucose levels were associated to intimal calcification. In men, current smoking was associated to intimal calcification. Conclusions: Women and men with CVD show differences in risk profiles and medication use associated to intimal and medial iCA calcification.