Risk factors for late-onset lower limb lymphedema after gynecological cancer treatment: A multi-institutional retrospective study

Abstract

IntroductionLate-onset lower limb lymphedema (LLL) is a significant clinical challenge for physicians dealing with patients that undergo treatment involving the pelvic cavity. We aimed to clarify the prevalence of and risk factors for late-onset LLL after treatment for gynecological cancer. MethodsWe conducted a multicenter retrospective study using records of cases in which LLL diagnosed by physical findings and measurement of limbs girths. Patients with LLL after treatment for uterine cervical, endometrial, and ovarian cancer were sequentially enrolled. We examined the timing of LLL onset and the associations between the time to onset and clinical characteristics, including age, type of cancer, lymphadenectomy sites, and performance of radiotherapy. We also investigated the risk factors for late-onset LLL and their effects on the cumulative incidence of late-onset LLL. ResultsIn total, 711 patients fulfilled the required criteria. Mean age of was 50.2 years old and median follow-up period was 5.05 years. More than half of them (50.5%) presented with LLL ≥5 years after undergoing treatment for gynecological cancer. A substantial number of patients (29.4%) developed LLL ≥10 years after undergoing treatment for gynecological cancer. Being aged <50 years [(odds ratio (OR): 1.919, P = 0.001), cervical cancer (OR: 1.912, P = 0.001), and radiotherapy (OR: 1.664, P = 0.017) were identified as significant risk factors for late-onset LLL in multivariate logistic regression analysis. ConclusionsA substantial number of patients present with LLL ≥5 years after receiving treatment for gynecological malignancies. Clinicians are required to identify high-risk patients and inform them of the risk of late-onset LLL.