Risk Factors for Chronic Kidney Disease in Older Adults with Hyperlipidemia and/or Cardiovascular Diseases in Taipei City, Taiwan: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Analysis.

Horng-Jinh Chang,Junn-Liang Chang,Meng-Te Lin,Kuan-Reng Lin

doi:10.3390/ijerph17238763

Abstract

This cross-sectional study aimed to compare risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in older adults with or without dyslipidemia and/or cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in Taipei City, Taiwan. The data on 2912 participants with hyperlipidemia and/or CVD and 14,002 healthy control participants derived from the Taipei City Elderly Health Examination Database (2010 to 2011) were analyzed. The associations between conventional CKD risk factors and CKD were comparable between participants with and without hyperlipidemia. Participants with high uric acid and BUN had a higher risk of CKD if they also had hyperlipidemia and CVD [odds ratio (OR) in uric acid = 1.572, 95% CI 1.186–2.120, p < 0.05; OR in BUN = 1.271, 95% CI 1.181–1.379, p < 0.05]. The effect was smaller in participants with hyperlipidemia only (OR in uric acid = 1.291, 95% CI 1.110–1.507, p < 0.05; OR in BUN = 1.169, 95% CI 1.122–1.221, p < 0.05). The association between uric acid/BUN and CKD was also observed in the healthy population and participants with CVD only. In conclusion, older adults with hyperlipidemia and CVD are at high of CKD. Physicians should be alert to the potential for CKD in older patients with hyperlipidemia and CVD.

Highlights

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with a steady annual increase in occurrence of approximately 6%, and significant differences in prevalence between populations [1,2].CKD represents an important public health issue because such patients have an increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
We found that body mass index (BMI), marital status, income level, smoking, alcohol intake, betel nut chewing, fasting glucose, triglyceride, and history of diabetes or cancer were not associated with CKD in participants without hyperlipidemia or cardiovascular diseases (CVD)
Several studies revealed that hyperuricemia is significantly associated with CKD in the general population [29,39]; the present study further found that older adults with hyperuricemia are at a much higher risk of developing CKD compared to the general population

Summary

Introduction

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide health problem with a steady annual increase in occurrence of approximately 6%, and significant differences in prevalence between populations [1,2]. CKD represents an important public health issue because such patients have an increased risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Taiwan has a high prevalence of both CKD [3] and ESRD [4]. Elevated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality have been observed in the course of CKD. In patients with CKD, the cardiovascular mortality rate is 10 to 20 times higher than in the general population, and in the ESRD population, it is 20–30 times higher [5,6]. Unravelling the exact mechanisms and causal pathways linking CKD and CVD remains a challenge

Methods

Discussion

Conclusion