Abstract
PurposeTo determine the risk factors for total astigmatism (TA), anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA), and internal compensation in Chinese preschool children.MethodsIn the population-based Nanjing Eye Study, children were measured for noncycloplegic refractive error and for biometric parameters. Data from questionnaires and measures from right eyes were analyzed for determining risk factors for TA, ACA, and internal compensation from multivariate logistic regression models.ResultsOf 1327 children (66.8 ± 3.4 months, 53.2% male), older age of the child (OR = 0.95 for per month increase; P = 0.03), older paternal age at child birth (OR = 1.04 for per year increase; P = 0.03), paternal astigmatism (OR = 1.89; P = 0.003), maternal astigmatism (OR = 1.73, P = 0.008), and second-hand smoke exposure during pregnancy (OR = 1.64; P = 0.03) were associated with higher risk of TA, while partial breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, P = 0.006) or formula feeding (OR = 0.46, P = 0.003) were associated with lower risk of TA. Larger ratio of axial length to corneal radius (OR = 16.16 for per unit increase; P = 0.001), maternal working during pregnancy (OR = 1.27; P = 0.04), and cesarean delivery (OR = 1.68, P = 0.04) were associated with higher risk of ACA, while formula feeding was associated with lower risk of ACA (OR = 0.57, P = 0.01). Paternal astigmatism (OR = 0.50, P = 0.01) and assisted reproduction (OR = 0.56, P = 0.03) were associated with lower risk of horizontal or vertical internal compensation. More outdoor activity time (OR = 1.15 for per hour increase, P = 0.01) was associated with higher risk of oblique internal compensation while more nighttime sleep on weekends (OR = 0.83 for per hour increase, P = 0.01) was associated with lower risk of oblique internal compensation.ConclusionsOur study confirmed some previously reported risk factors and identified some novel risk factors for astigmatism including formula feeding for lower risk of both ACA and TA, and older paternal age at child birth for higher risk of TA.
Highlights
These authors contributed : Zijin Wang, Haohai Tong, Qingfeng Hao
In a recent paper on 48–60-month-old Chinese children [9], we reported the prevalence of the components of astigmatism, described the difference between corneal astigmatism (CA) and anterior corneal astigmatism (ACA), and demonstrated the compensatory role of internal astigmatism (IA) in reducing ACA
There were no significant differences in characteristics of children between children included in the analysis and those excluded from analysis due to missing data in questionnaire
Summary
We evaluated the role of age, gender, and AL/CR on the components of astigmatism. Our study did not evaluate the other potential risk factors as these data were not collected. During ongoing Nanjing Eye Study (NES), we collected additional potential risk factors, the factors during pregnancy and early childhood, a critical period for the development of refractive error [10, 11]. Previous studies only evaluated risk factors for total astigmatism (TA) and CA. As we already demonstrated the compensatory role of IA, analysis for risk factors of internal compensation may lead to new discoveries and help build the overall framework of astigmatic genesis and development. This study was to perform a comprehensive evaluation of potential risk factors for TA, ACA, and internal compensation in a large population-based NES
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
