Risk Factors for and Clinical Presentations Indicative of Vertical Root Fracture in Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Abstract

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to identify specific clinical signs or symptoms and potential risk factors which are most likely associated with the presence of a vertical root fracture (VRF) in endodontically treated teeth (ETT). MethodsElectronic databases (MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE via Ovid, Scopus, and Web of Science) were searched by 2 reviewers in October 2022 for clinical studies, in which at least either the clinical presentation or potential risk factors associated with a VRF were assessed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Meta-analyses of odds ratios (ORs) were performed separately for several signs or symptoms and risk factors. ResultsFourteen sources reporting on 2877 teeth (489 with VRF and 2388 without VRF) were included in the meta-analyses. Regarding the clinical presentation, the presence of sinus tracts (OR = 4.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58–15.0), increased periodontal probing depths (OR = 13.24; 95% CI, 5.44–32.22), swelling/abscess (OR = 2.86; 95% CI, 1.74–4.70), and tenderness to percussion (OR = 1.76; 95% CI, 1.18–2.61) were significantly associated with the presence of a VRF (Padj. value < .05). None of the assessed risk factors (sex, type of teeth, tooth location, posts, indirect restoration, and apical extension of the root canal filling) were found to be significantly associated with the presence of a VRF (Padj. value > .05). ConclusionsFour clinical presentations were identified to be the most significant signs or symptoms for a VRF in ETT: presence of sinus tracts, increased probing depths, swelling/abscess, and tenderness to percussion. None of the assessed risk factors pointed out to be significantly associated with a VRF. Registration: CRD42022354108 (PROSPERO).