Risk-based optimal operation of power, heat and hydrogen-based microgrid considering a plug-in electric vehicle

Abstract

The growing interest in integrating variable renewable energy resources (RES), besides global concerns about greenhouse pollution, brings multiple challenges for eco and environmentally-friendly operation of systems. Meanwhile, the simultaneous energy supply can improve energy efficiency and mitigate the fluctuation of RES compared with a single-energy system. Therefore, this paper seeks to investigate the optimal scheduling of heating, power, and hydrogen-based microgrid incorporated with RES and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV). The fuel-cell-based hydrogen and electrolyzer facilities are integrated into the multi-energy system to investigate the power-to-hydrogen and hydrogen-to-power technologies in the model. Besides typical electric and thermal loads, the proposed system can directly sell hydrogen to hydrogen-based industrial applications. The PEV as a flexible resource is employed to facilitate the integration of solar energy. Due to the substantial uncertainty from solar energy, price, load, and EVs' arriving and departing times, the risk management of the model based on the conditional value-at-risk is developed to show the operator's behavior against the random inputs and their risk. Results show that integrating the hydrogen storage and plug-in electric vehicle in the model results in a daily cost reduction of up to 9.28%.