Abstract
Basmati rice is increasingly recognized and consumed in different parts of the world due to its different tastes and nutritional properties. This research focused on determining the cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) content in locally grown basmati rice in Pakistan and assessing the risks of these values to human health. Root, shoot and grain samples of basmati rice were taken, along with soil samples from the five regions studied. Metal mean concentrations (mg/kg) in grains fluctuated from 2.70 to 9.80 for Cd, 4.80 to 9.85 for Zn, 1.16 to 1.46 for Cu, 1.84 to 10.86 for Co, 2.05 to 13.07 for Fe, 5.03 to 11.11 for Mn and 3.24 to 13.28 for Ni, respectively. All metal values were within permissible limits except for Cd. The enrichment factor for Cd was highest among all sites. Cobalt and zinc had the highest bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor. The highest enrichment factor was noticed for Cd and the lowest for Cu. The health risk index at all examined sites was less than one. Consistent examination is recommended to limit health hazards instigated by the use of rice polluted with a greater concentration of Cd.
Highlights
Five agricultural sites were carefully selected near the side of Moza Satiana Chiniot road to investigate metal contents in randomly collected basmati rice and soil samples
ANOVA found that site location significantly (p < 0.05) influenced element concentration in the soil of Basmati rice fields (Table 2)
Khan et al [67] showed the same results for Zn and Fe. These findings indicate that these elements may pose an accumulation threat for basmati rice
Summary
In Pakistan, rice is the staple food crop that provides a significant amount of nutrition and vitamins [1]. Rice contains 3% nutritive fat and 20% proteins and provides 27%. Rice is characterized by its nature to grow on acidic and alkaline soil. It can grow in arid areas [3]. Punjab and Sindh are renowned for rice production in Pakistan [4]. 60–70% of individuals in these provinces use rice as food; 6.0 million tons of rice are produced by Pakistan annually and it exports almost 4.0 million tons, with the remaining 2.0 million tons being the approximate annual consumption of Sustainability 2021, 13, 8513.
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