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Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) have received wide attention due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions. However, the random charging and discharging behaviors of substantial numbers of EVs may lead to safety risk problems in a distribution network. Reasonable price incentives can guide EVs through orderly charging and discharging, and further provide a feasible solution to reduce the operational risk of the distribution network. Considering three typical electricity prices, EV charging/discharging load models are built. Then, a Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) method using cumulants and Gram-Charlier series is proposed to obtain the power flow of the distribution network including massive numbers of EVs. In terms of the risk indexes of node voltage and line flow, the operational risk of the distribution network can be estimated in detail. From the simulations of an IEEE-33 bus system and an IEEE 69-bus system, the demonstrated results show that reasonable charging and discharging prices are conducive to reducing the peak-valley difference, and consequently the risks of the distribution network can be decreased to a certain extent.
Highlights
With the increasing concern about environmental pollution and fossil energy shortage, Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming an important alternative means of transport due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions compared with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles
Considering EVs’ charging and discharging behaviors, this paper proposes a risk assessment method to evaluate the operational risks of distribution network, and the assessment method’s performance is studied under different simulation cases
A Probabilistic Load Flow (PLF) method based on cumulants and Gram-Charlier series is proposed to obtain the probability density function (PDF) and cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the node voltage and line flow in the distribution network including massive EVs
Summary
With the increasing concern about environmental pollution and fossil energy shortage, EVs are becoming an important alternative means of transport due to their higher energy efficiency and lower emissions compared with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. It is significant to study the operational risk assessment of substantial numbers of EVs’ charging and discharging behaviors on the distribution system. A reasonable price incentive mechanism is necessary to guide the charging and discharging behaviors of EVs [14,15,16], which could shift the peak load and reduce the safety risks. Considering Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technology [20,21], EVs can reverse discharge to the power system, which plays a very significant role in “cut peak and fill valley”, and further the operational risks may be potentially reduced. A reasonable price incentive is conducive to managing the charging and discharging power loads of EVs. the slow charging household EVs are studied, and three load models for EV charging/discharging are established based on typical electricity prices, including the constant electricity price, the ordinary TOU price and the improved TOU price, respectively
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