Abstract
Fish is a protein source and constitutes other significant nutrients that have been crucial to human health. Aquaculture in Kenya has grown faster than any other food production sector, with fish feeds being prepared from different cereal products commonly contaminated by Mycotoxins. But controlling the growth of fungi that cause mycotoxin has been a challenge due to conditions that enable their development. With fish contamination primarily ignored, there is still high consumption of fish being propagated by improved and increased aquacultural activities. There have been various qualitative and quantitative assessments on Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in animal feed and food with little focus on fish feed which might be the most significant risk factor for cancer development. Kenya's high occurrence warranted the current review, which describes sources of fish feeds, conditions for mould growth, exposure of fish too contaminated feeds, decontamination of fish feed and feed ingredients, effects of Fumonisin and Aflatoxin on fish and human, risk characterization and management strategies. This review provides a platform and insights to novice researchers to pave the way for future research in the area. Keywords: Mycotoxins; Aflatoxins; Fumonisin; Uasin Gishu; Kisumu. DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/11-10-05 Publication date: May 31 st 2021
Highlights
Mycotoxins are secondary toxins produced by mycotoxigenic fungi as metabolites of genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (Nazhand, Durazzo, Lucarini, Souto, & Santini, 2020)
Aflatoxins are the common mycotoxins produced mainly by the fungi Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus, which grow on numerous feeds when environmental conditions are favourable (Tarus, Rachuonyo, Omega, & Ochuodho, 2019)
Fumonisin is a type of primary mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides that widely contaminate feed material crops (Moretti, Logrieco, & Susca, 2017)
Summary
Mycotoxins are secondary toxins produced by mycotoxigenic fungi as metabolites of genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, and Penicillium (Nazhand, Durazzo, Lucarini, Souto, & Santini, 2020). Fumonisin is a type of primary mycotoxin produced by Fusarium verticillioides that widely contaminate feed material crops (Moretti, Logrieco, & Susca, 2017) They are classified as 2B carcinogens and toxins that promote cancers (Mutiga, Hoffmann, Harvey, Milgroom, & Nelson, 2015). There have been various qualitative and quantitative assessments on Aflatoxin and Fumonisin in animal feed and food with little focus on fish feed which might be the most significant risk factor for cancer development. Kenya's high occurrence warrants the need to review its occurrence, consumption of contaminated fish feed concerning human risks, and management using a scenario tree depicted in the figure below. To make a balanced diet, fish feeds are formulated by mixing a more comprehensive range of such ingredients, including significant cereals produced in Kenya which are the leading staple food that are cheap and available (Marijani, Kigadye, & Okoth, 2019). The most common ingredients used in Kenya for both commercial and homemade fish feeds are; Commercial fish feeds ingredients
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