Risk assessment for salmon from water quality changes following timber harvesting

Abstract

Land use activities may affect surface water quantity and quality. Water quality changes (concentration increases) from land use activities that are above background but below the water quality standard or criteria have always been considered benign. Increased public interest and recent legislation and management regarding threatened, or endangered, salmon populations suggest that environmental influences on these populations need to be reevaluated.As one approach, we developed a risk assessment (toxicity and exposure) for salmon from water quality changes following timber harvesting. Toxicity relationships for nitrate-nitrogen (as an LC50) using chloride, suspended sediment, and exposure were developed from the literature and data from the Alsea Watershed Study in the Oregon Coast Range. These relationships were used to predict the probable risk to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to nitrate-nitrogen exposure.The control or reference catchment, Flynn Creek, had higher nitrate-nitrogen concentrations, but showed little likelihood of risk to salmon because of lower suspended sediment concentrations. The treated catchment, Needle Branch (harvested 27 years ago), had lower nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and was expected to have less risk to salmon. However, the risk assessment relationship exhibited sensitivity to suspended sediment concentrations. This smaller catchment had higher suspended sediment transport and thus a higher risk of nitrate-nitrogen exposure to salmon. The suspended sediment transport functions were based on post-treatment monitoring (1966-1973) and are not considered to represent the current situation. These findings are not meant to be categorical, but merely illustrative of this risk assessment application.