Abstract
The 2011 Tōhoku event showed the massive destruction potential of tsunamis. The Euro-Japan “Risk assessment and design of prevention structures for enhanced tsunami disaster resilience (RAPSODI)” project aimed at using data from the event to evaluate tsunami mitigation strategies and to validate a framework for a quantitative tsunami mortality risk analysis. Coastal structures and mitigation strategies against tsunamis in Europe and Japan are compared. Failure mechanisms of coastal protection structures exposed to tsunamis are discussed based on field data. Knowledge gaps on failure modes of different structures under different tsunami loading conditions axe identified. Results of the wave-flume laboratory experiments on rubble mound breakwaters are used to assess their resilience against tsunami impact. For the risk analysis, high-resolution digital elevation data axe applied for the inundation modeling. The hazard is represented by the maximum flow depth, the exposure is described by the location of the population, and the mortality is a function of flow depth and building vulnerability. A thorough search for appropriate data on the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami was performed. The results of the 2011 Tōhoku tsunami mortality hindcast for the city of Ishinomaki substantiate that the tsunami mortality risk model can help to identify high-mortality risk areas and the main risk drivers.
Highlights
The interest in tsunami research has been increasing, especially in the last decade, after the devastating consequences of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean [SynolakisRAPSODI/Euro-Japan Collabomtion and Bernard, 2006; Synolakis and Kong, 2006; Titov et al, 2005; Papadopoulos and Satake, 2005] and the 11 March 2011 Tohoku [Koshimura and Shuto, 2015; Romano et al, 2014; Tappin et al, 2014; Satake et al, 2013; Tang et al, 2012] tsunamis
The Great East Japan Earthquake [Satake, 2015; Kagan and Jackson, 2013; Ozawa et al, 2011] that induced the 2011 Tohoku tsunami was of magnitude 9.0, the largest earthquake ever recorded in Japan
The present paper focuses on suggestions for improved design of tsunami mitigation rubble mound breakwaters and a framework for quantitative tsunami mortality risk analysis based on data from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami within the framework of the Euro-Japan collaborative project, Risk assessment and design of prevention structures for enhanced tsunami disaster resilience (RAPSODI)
Summary
The interest in tsunami research has been increasing, especially in the last decade, after the devastating consequences of the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean [Synolakis. The present paper focuses on suggestions for improved design of tsunami mitigation rubble mound breakwaters and a framework for quantitative tsunami mortality risk analysis based on data from the 2011 Tohoku tsunami within the framework of the Euro-Japan collaborative project, Risk assessment and design of prevention structures for enhanced tsunami disaster resilience (RAPSODI). Field data and experience gained from the 2011 Tohoku event (summarized in Sec. 4.1) were used for understanding the performance of selected coastal structures and for testing the functionality of the mortality risk model (Sec. 4.2). The latter represents a new framework for quantitative tsunami vulnerability and mortality-risk analysis.
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