Riddles, wonder and responsiveness in Anglo-Saxon literature

Abstract

Day, speech, moon, time, dream, true dream, death, cloud, word, letter and comet: each has been proposed as a possible solution for Riddle 39 of the Exeter Book. When an Anglo-Saxon riddle states, ‘Saga hwaet ic hatte’ [Say what I am called], or a Latin prose riddle urges, ‘Dic mihi quae est illa res’ [Tell me what that thing is], they perform, in a discursive way, what all riddles effectuate implicitly on a broader scale: riddles produce responsiveness in their audiences, even if they do not explicitly ask the reader to name the object in question. Whether the response is voiced in an ‘oral’ context or in a ‘literary’ one (however problematic that distinction may be), as John Niles has underscored, ‘Poetry, like riddling, presents itself rhetorically as a public and interactive form of communication even when we encounter it on the manuscript page.’ Even though particular responses to riddles will be considered in this chapter, my emphasis here is on responsiveness as a category in and of itself, both in the Exeter Book and in other Anglo-Saxon poetry and prose, in order to explore what a response may effectuate, in addition to producing an answer. Like charms, a genre of Old English poetic writing with which the riddles are often associated, riddles encourage speech and vocalization; and like wonders, riddles play on the relation between the intangible and the familiar. Because the rhetorical style of enigmata or riddles is, by definition, a style that relies upon obfuscation and, in the case of Old English riddles, overarchingly ascribes a sense of the mysterious and wondrous (‘Ic eom wunderlicu wiht’ [I am a wondrous creature], Riddle 25) to even the most common of objects, my aim is to explore what, if any, pedagogic ends making something unfamiliar might serve in cultivating response, in addition to the simple rhetorical fact of veiling a thing known.