Abstract

During the “β-forging” of Ti-6Al-4V structural aircraft components that follows pre-heating above the β-transus, the skin zone of the blank actually cools down to below the β-transus whilst being deformed, as a result of heat losses towards the atmosphere or the dies. The core areas of the bulkiest sections of the blank, however, can be deformed above the β-transus during the whole processing time. This paper focuses on the development of an innovative rheological model to support the numerical modelling of the forging process, suitable for both the equilibrium conditions above the β-transus and the non-equilibrium conditions below. For that purpose, small-scale hot compression tests were performed with the thermomechanical simulator Gleeble 3500, after pre-heating in the β-field of Ti-6Al-4V at 1100 °C and rapid cooling to the compression temperature under the β-transus, which was varied between 750 °C and 950 °C. In some cases, a lag time -or stabilization time- at constant temperature was introduced between the cooling step and the deformation step. Effects of lag time and deformation temperature on microstructural evolutions and rheological properties of Ti-6Al-4V were investigated. Results show that the lack of stabilization time leads to a significant reduction of the flow stress at low strain. Such a behavior is associated with non-equilibrium thermodynamic conditions at the beginning of deformation and the progress of phase transformation during deformation. Based on that observation, an analytical formulation for the targeted rheological model is proposed. It includes a sub-model for the kinetics of phase transformation derived from the literature.

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