Abstract

Consider a unit volume of fluid consisting of an infinite number of layers, the lower surface of the bottom layer of which is fixed. This base is indicated in Figure 9.1 as the “reference plane”. A tangential force is applied at the top surface of the unit volume, which results in movement of the top layer in the direction of the applied force. The stacked layers slide one above the other by equal relative amounts to each other. The result is that a velocity gradient D = (dv/dy) is established perpendicular to the plane in which the top layer moves, wherein v is the velocity of the sliding layer and y is the distance of the layer from the “reference plane”. This velocity gradient is called rate of shear (or simply shear), and is measured in reciprocal seconds (m s-1 · m-1 = s-1). The applied tangential force is called shearing stress (or simply stress) and is indicated by τ. The stress is measured in dynes/cm2 or in newtons/m2.

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