Rheology: An Historical Perspective

Abstract

Introduction: The Ground is Prepared. In the beginning. Kinematics and conservation laws. The classical extremes of elasticity and viscosity. Non-classical behaviour. Appraisal. Robert Hooke. Isaac Newton. Augustin-Louis Cauchy. James Clerk Maxwell. Ludwig Boltzmann. 2. The Growing Years Before 1945 . The beginning of experimental fluid rheology. Linear viscoelasticity. The no-slip boundary condition. Theoretical non-linear developments 1880-1945. Karl Weissenberg. 3. Interlude: Rheology Becomes an Independent Science: Societies, Congresses and Journals . Introduction. Developments in Europe. On rheological journals. More congresses. The international dimension. Eugene C. Bingham. G.W. Scott Blair. Marcus Reiner. Picture gallery. 4. Constitutive Equations . Inelastic fluids. Elastic liquids. Personalities. Progress is made. Other relatively simple equations. Overview. Anisotropic fluids. Ronald S. Rivlin. James G. Oldroyd. Coleman and Noll. Clifford A. Truesdell. Arthur S. Lodge. David V. Boger. B.K.Z. Doi and Edwards. Giuseppe Marrucci. 5. From Continuum Theory to Microstructure (and Vice Versa) . Developments. Macromolecular hypothesis. Dilute-solution theories. Concentrated solutions and melts - the network theory. Reptative rheology. Suspension rheology. Werner Kuhn. R. Byron Bird. Hanswalter Giesekus. 6. Rheometry Beyond Viscosity . Early measurements of the normal-stress differences in steady simple shear flow. Early theoretical work on the normal stress differences. Further commercial developments on normal-stress measurement. The second normal-stress difference. Rheo-optical techniques in normal-stress measurement. Linear viscoelasticity. extensional viscosity. H. Janeschitz-Kriegl. John D. Ferry. Joachim Meissner. G.V. Vinogradov. 7. Some Distinctive Rheological Concepts and Phenomena . Non-dimensional groups in rheology. The Weissenberg effect. Extrudate swell. The tubeless syphon. Thixotropy. Instability in flow. Introduction. Some early results. Cone-and-plate and torsional flows. Extrudate distortion and fracture. Instabilities in extensional flows. Drag reduction in turbulent flow. D.D. Joseph. Morton M. Denn. 8. Computational Rheology . Background and overview. Developments in computer power and computational techniques. The distinctive challenges of computational rheology. Progress is made. Direct simulation of polymer flow. M.J. Crochet. Appendices. Appendix 1. Rheometrical functions (notation). Appendix 2. Society of Rheology Bingham Medal Recipients. Appendix 3. British Society of Rheology Awards.