Abstract
ABSTRACT A closed-loop, high-temperature pipe viscometer was used to evaluate the effects that shear intensity, shear duration, temperature, and time have on the apparent viscosity of cross-linked fracturing fluids. Results indicate that much higher gel viscosity can be obtained in the fracture with certain types of delayed cross-linking agents than can be achieved with most of the conventional titanate cross-linkers so widely used in the industry. The maximum achievable apparent viscosity reached by either the titanate or zirconate cross-linked gels studied appears to be most affected by the level of shear or energy input encountered during the initial cross-linking phase.
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