Abstract
This work focuses on shear thickening fluids (STFs) as ceramic–polymer composites with outstanding protective properties. The investigation aims to determine the influence of raw material parameters on the functional properties of STFs. The following analyses were used to characterize both the raw materials and the STFs: scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight, chemical sorption analysis, rheological analysis, and kinetic energy dissipation tests. It was confirmed that the morphology of the solid particles plays a key role in designing the rheological and protective properties of STFs. In the case of irregular silica, shear thickening properties can be obtained from a solid content of 12.5 vol.%. For spherical silica, the limit for achieving shear thickening behavior is 40 vol.%. The viscosity curve analysis allowed for the introduction of a new parameter defining the functional properties of STFs: the technological critical shear rate. The ability of STFs to dissipate kinetic energy was determined using a unique device that allows pure fluids to be tested without prior encapsulation. Because of this, it was possible to observe even slight differences in the protective properties between different STFs, which has not been possible so far. During tests with an energy of 50 J, the dissipation factor was over 96%.
Highlights
The high expectations of society in almost every industry branch have become a reason for the substantial progress of science [1]
Our research on the developed shear thickening fluids allows us to draw a number of conclusions:
Due to the high volume of the solid phase, the shear thickening effect is three times greater than in the case of the STF with SF silica and is equal to 29 kPa·s; The application of the irregular SF silica favors higher STR coefficients; Fluids with SF silica show a different profile of viscosity curves than fluids with KE-P10; The morphology of silica particles influences the reorganization of the internal structure after the shear; Spherical silica facilitates reorganization and the fluid more quickly returns to its initial state;
Summary
The high expectations of society in almost every industry branch have become a reason for the substantial progress of science [1]. The interdisciplinary approach of researchers worldwide, and the synergy of many knowledge disciplines, has contributed to the establishment of a new scientific field: composite materials. Materials with unusual features are the result of combining the properties of various components that create them. In the 21st century, composite materials are present in almost every aspect of our lives, especially in application areas where their innovative and “intelligent” character dominates. Intelligent materials, known as smart materials, can stand alone or constitute a larger functional structure or a more significant structural element. They can be defined as materials capable of responding to external stimuli by significantly changing their properties for the desired and effective response to these stimuli
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