Abstract
The direct conversion of succinic acid to 1,4-butanediol (1,4-BDO) in water was investigated using Ru deposited on oxygen-vacant zirconia (Ru–OvZrOx) as the catalyst. 1,4-BDO was produced in high yield (89.5 %) and space–time yield (0.19 h−1) at 200 °C. The proximity of Ru to OvZrOx stabilized the nanosized Ru0 particles, enabled hydrogen spillover, increased the acidity of the catalyst, and achieved intermediate adsorption. The Zrδ+ center (2 ≤ δ < 4)—which featured abundant Lewis acid sites and was adjacent to the Ov sites—activated the γ-butyrolactone ring-opening reaction via a route involving 2-hydroxytetrahydrofuran formation. The electron-rich Ru0 center facilitated heterolytic hydrogen dissociation, and the dissociated H– and H+ ions traveled to the Zrδ+ sites and water molecules via hydrogen-shuttling mechanism. Moreover, the weakly bonded hydrogen actively participated in the hydrodeoxygenation and hydrogenation of intermediates to 1,4-BDO.
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