Abstract
Secondary malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) are rare, most of them occur in the long-term survivors after allo HSCT. The probability of a second tumor occurring within two years after transplantation is extremely low. Herein, we report a case of a 40-year-old adult female with Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was treated with allo-HSCT after chemotherapy and Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment. One and a half years after allo-HSCT the patient developed a painless mass on the lateral side of the right thigh root. She was later diagnosed with polymorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and underwent surgery subsequently. RMS within two years after allo-HSCT is very rare, which needs to be differentiated from the extramedullary relapse of acute leukemia. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) and immunosuppressants use increase the difficulty and complexity of second tumor treatment in this stage.
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