Abstract
Wireless transceivers for mass-market applications must be cost effective. We may achieve this goal by deploying non-ideal low-cost radio frequency (RF) analog components. However, their imperfections may result in RF impairments, including phase noise (PN), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) imbalance. These impairments introduce in-band and out-of-band interference terms and degrade the performance of wireless systems. In this survey, we present RF-impairment signal models and discuss their impacts. Moreover, we review RF-impairment estimation and compensation in single-carrier (SC) and multicarrier systems, especially orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Furthermore, we discuss the effects of the RF impairments in already-established wireless technologies, e.g., multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), massive MIMO, full-duplex, and millimeter-wave communications and review existing estimation and compensation algorithms. Finally, future research directions investigate the RF impairments in emerging technologies, including cell-free massive MIMO communications, non-orthogonal multicarrier systems, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), ambient backscatter communications, and intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-assisted communications. Furthermore, we discuss artificial intelligence (AI) approaches for developing estimation and compensation algorithms for RF impairments.
Highlights
D RAMATIC mobile data traffic growth requires deploying high-data-rate services in fifth-generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication systems
This paper shows that phase noise (PN) can be estimated by maximizing a constrained quadratic form without requiring channel information
SC multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems: Before discussing the MIMO literature, we review some papers on MISO and SIMO systems under PN impairment
Summary
D RAMATIC mobile data traffic growth requires deploying high-data-rate services in fifth-generation (5G) and beyond wireless communication systems. 5G networks must support several applications such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable, low-latency communications (URLLC), vehicle-to-everything (eV2X) communications [2], [3] To meet these massive connectivity demands, 5G sets critical targets, including the 1000 times increase in the data rate, below 100 ms latency, 50% network cost reduction, and 95% availability in bad coverage locations [4]–[6]. Non-ideal imperfections and time-domain instabilities of the oscillator are the sources of significant impairments, including phase noise (PN), carrier frequency offset (CFO), and in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) imbalance - Fig. 2. These impairments cause in-band and out-of-band distortions. It is essential to characterize the impacts of CFO on practical systems, estimate CFO, and compensate for it
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