Abstract
In the early 1980s, the apartheid state offered some of the most generous incentives in the world for labour-intensive industries to locate in ‘industrial decentralization points’ either in or adjacent to former bantustans. Light industries — many of them from Taiwan and employing mainly women — mushroomed in these spaces of apartheid. At the same time, there was a sharp contraction of heavy capital-intensive industries in the main urban centres. Responding to a fierce neo-liberal critique from powerful South African business interests, the de Klerk government slashed subsidies in 1991.
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