Abstract

One of the main challenges in simulations on Lefschetz thimbles is the computation of the relative weights of contributing thimbles. In this paper we propose a solution to that problem by means of computing those weights using a reweighting procedure. Besides we present recipes for finding parametrizations of thimbles and anti-thimbles for a given theory. Moreover, we study some approaches to combine the Lefschetz thimble method with the Complex Langevin evolution. Our numerical investigations are carried out by using toy models among which we consider a one-site z^4z4 model as well as a U(1)U(1) one-link model.

Highlights

  • C.3 we propose a combination of Lefschetz thimble and complex Langevin, which samples around all thimbles

  • We propose a new method based on Lefschetz thimbles for solving theories with a sign problem

  • We project a grid of points in the complex plane onto the thimbles – which requires the knowledge of the fixed points – to obtain a numerical parametrization

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Summary

Introduction

QCD at vanishing and finite temperature is one of the best tested theories in high energy physics. The first employs Monte Carlo simulations directly on the thimbles The latter continuously deforms the original integration path close to the actual thimbles to lessen the sign problem. One of the main problems with Monte Carlo simulations on Lefschetz thimbles is to determine the weights of the thimbles relative to each other This difficulty arises as the original path integral is decomposed into a sum of integrals over multiple thimbles. During the research for this paper we have developed many ideas to combine the Complex Langevin evolution and the Lefschetz Thimble method While none of those approaches lead to generally applicable algorithms, they still provide some useful insight into the structure of the models, we give some of those ideas and corresponding results in App. C

The Lefschetz thimble method
Finding thimbles
Axis scan
If the derivative of the action becomes small
Thimble cooling
Monte Carlo simulations on Lefschetz thimbles
Reweighting on thimbles
Computing the partition function weights
Applications
One-site z4 model
Conclusions and outlook
A Partition function weights
B Mapping integration ranges
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