Abstract
The agricultural sector has experienced remarkable transformations fueled by technological advancements over the past 50 years, which have enhanced productivity and sustainability. Presently, agriculture is transitioning into a new era, driven by connectivity and data, known as Agriculture 4.0. This transition holds promise for further enhancing yield, optimizing resource utilization, and promoting sustainability and resilience. However, challenges such as population growth, resource scarcity, environmental degradation, and food waste persist and necessitate innovative solutions. Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) has emerged as a pivotal domain in urban agriculture, offering solutions to address these challenges. Several Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) facilities, such as greenhouses, plant factories, and rooftop gardens, employ sophisticated methods to enhance plant growth and quality while reducing resource usage. Achieving optimal growth conditions within CEA facilities remains a challenge, necessitating the effective management of microclimates and root zone environments. Recent research has emphasized the role of intelligent systems, particularly artificial intelligence and deep learning, in addressing these challenges. Moreover, optimizing indoor growing environments requires careful consideration of factors, such as temperature, humidity, chemical balance, and photosynthetic photon flux. Despite these advancements, the global food supply chain faces significant inefficiencies and wastage, exacerbated by factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change. Climate-smart agriculture, which leverages technologies such as AI and genomic tools, offers promising avenues for enhancing crop resilience and productivity in the face of changing climatic conditions. The integration of information technologies has further revolutionized agriculture and offers potential solutions to mitigate the impact of climate.
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