Abstract
Abstract. Runoff generated in the monsoon months in the upstream parts of the Ganges River basin (GRB) contributes substantially to downstream floods, while water shortages in the dry months affect agricultural production in the basin. This paper examines the potential for subsurface storage (SSS) in the Ganges basin to mitigate floods in the downstream areas and increase the availability of water during drier months. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to estimate sub-basin water availability. The water availability estimated is then compared with the sub-basin-wise unmet water demand for agriculture. Hydrological analysis reveals that some of the unmet water demand in the sub-basin can be met provided it is possible to capture the runoff in sub-surface storage during the monsoon season (June to September). Some of the groundwater recharge is returned to the stream as baseflow and has the potential to increase dry season river flows. To examine the impacts of groundwater recharge on flood inundation and flows in the dry season (October to May), two groundwater recharge scenarios are tested in the Ramganga sub-basin. Increasing groundwater recharge by 35 and 65 % of the current level would increase the baseflow during the dry season by 1.46 billion m3 (34.5 % of the baseline) and 3.01 billion m3 (71.3 % of the baseline), respectively. Analysis of pumping scenarios indicates that 80 000 to 112 000 ha of additional wheat area can be irrigated in the Ramganga sub-basin by additional SSS without reducing the current baseflow volumes. Augmenting SSS reduces the peak flow and flood inundated areas in Ramganga (by up to 13.0 % for the 65 % scenario compared to the baseline), indicating the effectiveness of SSS in reducing areas inundated under floods in the sub-basin. However, this may not be sufficient to effectively control the flood in the downstream areas of the GRB, such as in the state of Bihar (prone to floods), which receives a total flow of 277 billion m3 from upstream sub-basins.
Highlights
Matching water demand with supply in river basins with monsoonal climate is a major challenge
It can be captured for MAR before it reaches the stream
Water availability and demand analysis conducted in the Ganges River basin show that there is a substantial mismatch between water demand and supply
Summary
Matching water demand with supply in river basins with monsoonal climate is a major challenge. The monsoondriven seasonal hydrology in India is often associated with floods and droughts, which affects the most vulnerable people of society (women and children, the poor and other disadvantaged social groups), and causes damage to crops and infrastructure. In these basins, upstream storage is generally the preferred solution to buffer the variability of flow and reduce floods downstream (Khan et al, 2014). The construction of large dams requires huge investments, displaces people, submerges forests, and some of the water is lost to non-beneficial evaporation (Pavelic et al, 2012). Underground aquifers are efficient water reservoirs with minimum evaporative losses and no displacement of people or submergence of land (Bouwer, 2000; Dillon, 2005; Ghayoumian et al, 2007)
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