Abstract
AbstractDeep water renewal and ventilation of the Baltic Sea is commonly considered to occur solely via saltwater inflows from the North Sea. However, recent analysis of geophysical and sediment proxy data suggests convective deep water formation during wintertime as a second process that has contributed to the ventilation of the northern and central Baltic Sea bottom waters during cold climate periods. Here, we investigate the role of deep water formation in the northern Baltic Sea in a regional ocean circulation model. Selecting the particularly cold winter 1986/1987 as a reference period, we perform sensitivity experiments in which the atmospheric temperature forcing is changed and/or localized brine rejection on subgrid scales is accounted for through a parameterization. We study the sinking and circulation of water masses via passive tracers introduced into the model. Generally, our model results support the established view that convective deep water formation does not play a major role in Baltic Sea deep water renewal. While a reduction of air temperatures does not qualitatively change the sinking and circulation of water masses in our experiments, brine rejection could potentially lead to localized deep water formation. However, the impact is too weak to possibly change the large‐scale deep water exchange between the Baltic proper and the northern Baltic sub‐basins. Although being in line with established knowledge, through consideration of the model limitations, our results provide insights on how and under which circumstances convective deep water formation could potentially have occurred during cold climate periods.
Highlights
The Baltic Sea (Figure 1) is a semi‐enclosed, brackish sea which is connected to the North Sea via a shallow and narrow connection, the Danish straits
Our model results support the established view that convective deep water formation does not play a major role in Baltic Sea deep water renewal
The observations are well reproduced by the model, for sea ice and temperature, but salinity biases lead to an overestimation of the stratification in the central Baltic Sea and Bothnian Sea
Summary
The Baltic Sea (Figure 1) is a semi‐enclosed, brackish sea which is connected to the North Sea via a shallow and narrow connection, the Danish straits. Ventilation and renewal of the deep waters of the central Baltic Sea is commonly considered to occur solely through inflows of dense and oxygenated water from the GIESSE ET AL. An effective oxygenation of the central Baltic Sea can occur through strong inflow events, so‐called major Baltic inflows (Fischer & Matthäus, 1996; Matthäus & Franck, 1992) or sequences of smaller inflows (Neumann et al, 2017). The water exchange between the Baltic proper and these sub‐basins is commonly considered to be of an estuarine type as well with inflows of surface water from the central Baltic Sea leading to a deep water renewal in the northern sub‐basins (e.g., Andrejev et al, 2004; Elken et al, 2003; Marmefelt & Omstedt, 1993; Myrberg & Andrejev, 2006)
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